Neo evolution 1-1

Scientific revival of theory of evolution ISM with new scientific units like technology and energy environment population time. Three broad categories universal evolutionism multimineral lineal and Neo darwinism

Universal evolutionism Gordon childe and Leslie white. Did not give specific stages of evolution but overall evolution due to environment variations culture technology and their situation. But overall cultures evolve. Vague description.

Used archaeological ethnographic data. Gordon childe used new lithic revolution with domestication proof tool technology to show that humans evolved from hunting gathering towards agriculture.

Multilinear evolution. Julian stupid. Depending on environment and cultural condition in evolution pathways are different with different face and styles. Cultural environment technology integrate and interact.

Gordon childe

British. Universal evolutionism. universal evolutionism is a natural theory in archaeology because three historical evidences on a large Canvas of space and time show broad stages of human evolution. It can also explain social Anthropology and created a bridge between archaeology and social anthropology.
stages of cultural evolution are hunting gathering. Agriculture. State formation. Urban revolution. Revolution in ideas of human knowledge. Book man makes himself 1936 mentions this.
New scheme given in social evolution book 1955. Three important phases.

food production invention.
Urbanization.
Industrialisation.

Connected archaeological data with cultural anthropology.
Criticism. Did not consider areas and civilizations outside Europe and middle East.

Many communities did not evolve from Neolithic and iron age because their lifestyle was Nomadic and even today tribes exist and festivals exist together with other developed industries.
Overall good framework to understand but vague.
Too much archaeological data and did not outside middle East and Europe.

Julian steward. L p Vidyarthi Introduction. Multilinear evolution. Cultural ecology. Idea of culture core.

define culture core as those aspects of culture both material and non material which people use for economic production thereby giving rise to environmental adaptation. For example using boat fishing net and traditional knowledge for fishing.
This influences other aspects of culture. The structural units of society e need to be understood and their level of integration.
Each culture has their own path of evolution and their own speed. Outlined four important types of culture. Riverine and culture. Mountainous culture. Desert and coastal culture.
Culture adaptations allow people to survive and reproduce.
Tim ingold does not view nature and man differently but we use it as part of environment itself.
For example in a drought prone region rainfall becomes Central to everyday life and develops religious system and water is a central theme. Develop the system of irrigation. In other societies such features may not be seen.
Criticism. Environmental determinism.

Leslie white

American. 1944 book The Science of culture. 1959 the evolution of culture. Treated culture scientifically. Worked among the pueblo American Indians.
Culture is an integrated dynamic and symbolic system with most important component is technology. Combined psychology history technology in sociology.
Five stages. Energy from. Human. Domesticated animal. Plant. Fossil fuel. Nuclear fuel.
Culture evolved due to technology evolution.

Primate evolution. Body energy used to create social order. Alpha male controlled the group.
Then man harness sources of energy like fire water wind stone.
Technology has its own limitation and culture development depends not only on technology but also energy harnessed per capita per year. Therefore energy and Technology determine cultural evolution.
C=TxE.

Law of social organisation. Society grows based on nutrition. Production and reproduction.
Cultural evolution depends on

Techno economic factors.
Social components light group formation access to resources.
Ideological factors like values morality ideology.

culture was a superorganic entity that was sui generis and could be explained only in terms of itself. It was composed of three levels: the technological, the social organizational, and the ideological. Each level rested on the previous one, and although they all interacted, ultimately the technological level was the determining one, what White calls "The hero of our piece" and "the leading character of our play".
Criticism

Ignore the role of language mutation and evolution in humans that determine cultural change.
Ignore role of diffusion in cultural development.
Marshall sahlins added the concepts of biological and cultural factors that lead to evolution of culture like aggression and sexuality.